Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

Biocharacterization Study on Fermented Liquid Organic Manure (Kunapajala) Using Analytical Technique: Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

M. Revathi, V. Vasuki, E. Parameswari, P. Janaki, R. Krishnan

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change · pp. 1001–1010 · Published 12 Jul 2023

10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92321

Abstract

“Vrikshayurveda”, an ancient literature collection of plant life science depicted importance of kunapajala, a fermented liquid organic manure sourced from animal origin. It is an excellent organic fertilizer influencing a wide range of crops with enhanced growth and development. During later days, “kunapajala” with vegetarian ingredients, without nutrient compromise was developed and standardized. It includes ingredients viz., soybean meal, paneer, tofu, rice husk, black gram, groundnut oilcake, cow dung, urine, honey, ghee and milk. The fermented formulation has essential nutrients, amino acids, keratins etc. which applied on plants, naturally flourished with excellent growth, flowering and fruiting. In this study, the fermented liquid organic manure kunapajala at 20th, 40th and 60th day of fermentation period was analysed for its bioactive compounds using the analytical technique Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Extract was prepared using organic solvents diethyl ether and methanol. The mass spectra of compounds matched with Wiley's standard mass spectrum database and National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) libraries. This study unfolded the presence of various compounds like Hexanoic acid, Phenol-TMS, Methyl oleate, Octadecanoic acid, Methyl palmitate, Myristic acid-TMS, Tetradecanoic acid, Caproic acid, Methyl myristoleate; (Z)-tetradec-9-enoic acid, 2-Aminooctanoic acid-TMS; 2-aminooctanoic acid, Butylated Hydroxytoluene, Juniperic acid-2TMS, Stearic acid-TMS, Linoleic acid-TMS etc. These phytochemicals have antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, physiological and metabolic responses, antioxidant, Insecticidal irritant and nematicidal activities which effectively influence organic crop production. The result indicated the vital role of kunapajala as an effective source of liquid formulation through its phytochemical importance.

Vrikshayurveda organic liquid formulation kunapajala diethyl ether GC-MS phytochemicals

References (16)

  1. 1 Priming for JA-dependent defenses using hexanoic acid is an effective mechanism to protect Arabidopsis against B. cinerea [DOI]
  2. 2 FT-IR and GC-MS analyses of potential bioactive compounds of cow urine and its antibacterial activity [DOI]
  3. 3 Chemical Characterization of Canola and Sunflower Oil Deodorizer Distillates [DOI]
  4. 4 GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit extract.
  5. 5 Validation of ancient liquid organics - Panchagavya and Kunapajala as plant growth promoters
  6. 6 Potential of Some Methods Described in Vrikshayurvedas in Crop Yield Increase and Disease Management
  7. 7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome P450 CYP168A1 is a fatty acid hydroxylase that metabolizes arachidonic acid to the vasodilator 19-HETE [DOI]
  8. 8 Preliminary phytochemical screening, physicochemical analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of selected Holigarna species- Endemic plant species of Western Ghats [DOI]
  9. 9 Physicochemical characterization of traditionally fermented liquid manure from fish waste (Gunapaselam) [DOI]
  10. 10 Phyto-chemical Characterization of the Leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) Using Ultra violet-Visible, Fourier transform infrared and Gas chromatography-Mass Spectroscopic techniques
  11. 11 Comparative Study on Effects of Vrikshayurveda and Modern Techniques on Germination of Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L.) Seeds [DOI]
  12. 12 The Effects of Levulinic Acid and 4,6-Dioxoheptanoic Acid on the Metabolism of Etiolated and Greening Barley Leaves [DOI]
  13. 13 A comparative study on growth pattern of Langali (Gloriosa superba Linn.) under wild and cultivated conditions [DOI]
  14. 14 Effect of Kunapa Jalam Vrikshyurveda on growth of paddy
  15. 15 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research [DOI]
  16. 16 Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge [DOI]

Cited by 3

Harnessing the potential of Kunapajala as a sustainable liquid organic preparation for soil health and plant growth

Tejalba Rathod, Anjali D. Solanki, Drashti Patel · Discover Soil · 2026

Showing 1 of 3 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Related research

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

13

Page views

0

PDF downloads

1

Outbound clicks

3

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.