Atopic Dermatitis: Advances in Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions

Abstract

Aims: The goal of this review is to give a complete update on atopic dermatitis (AD), including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It will focus on new treatments and future directions in personalised care. Study Design: This is a narrative review of the most recent research on the genetic, immunological, and environmental factors that cause AD and the new ways to treat it. Place and Duration of Study: The review took place at the Department of Dialysis Technique at Northern Technical University from January to May 2025. Methodology: The review looks at genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental triggers in a study that used databases like PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. It talks about clinical diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, treatment options, non-drug strategies, and daily habits that can help prevent the disease. Results: There is evidence that both a weak skin barrier and Immunodeficiency play a role in the development of AD. Mutations in the filaggrin gene, living in a city, and being exposed to things early in life are all strong risk factors. Management strategies now include both drug-based (like dupilumab and crisaborole) and non-drug-based (like moisturising and avoiding allergens) treatments. Personalised care plans and new treatments like herbal agents and microbiome-targeted therapies look promising. AD has a big impact on quality of life and is linked to other problems like anxiety and trouble sleeping. Conclusion: Atopic dermatitis is still a complicated disease with many causes, so it needs to be treated in a way that is specific to each person and involves many different types of professionals. Recent improvements in biologic therapies, barrier-repair agents, and preventive strategies may help patients get better. More research is needed to confirm that new treatments work and are safe in the long term.