Assessing the Living Conditions of Mahouths and Their Awareness Towards Welfare Program: A Socioeconomic Study

Abstract

The elephant tourism industry in Southeast Asia, including Karnataka's Dubare Elephant Camp, has raised ethical and welfare concerns, particularly regarding the welfare of mahouts—the individuals who responsible for elephant care. Research highlights the socioeconomic challenges, occupational risks, and welfare needs of mahouts, who often come from marginalized communities. This study investigates the living conditions and welfare program impact on mahouts and kavadigas at Dubare Elephant Camp in Kodagu District, Karnataka. A descriptive design was employed, targeting 60 mahouts and kavadigas, with 40 respondents selected based on their willingness to participate. Primary data was collected through structured interviews and analyzed using simple statistical methods. The findings reveal significant challenges faced by mahouts, including limited educational opportunities, poor sanitation, and occupational risks. Many are illiterate, rely on rivers for drinking water, and lack proper drainage, leading to health risks. Despite some home and land ownership, housing conditions remain precarious. While welfare programs provide partial support, gaps exist, particularly in safety, sanitation, and education. The study emphasizes the need for targeted welfare initiatives to improve housing, healthcare, and sanitation, thereby enhancing the quality of life for mahouts and their families. Social workers and NGOs should advocate for expanded welfare access and community engagement, while policymakers must consider extending program coverage and infrastructure improvements. Future research across India should explore mahout welfare in diverse settings, including temple camps, private facilities, and forest department camps, to address the unique needs of mahouts.