Monographic on Ficus thonningii (Blume): A Comprehensive Overview of Its Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Background: Ficus is the most diverse genus of woody species in Senegal's flora. Ficus trees have many and varied uses, giving them a high socio-cultural and economic value. Ficus thonningii, is extensively used in African ethnomedicine for treating a number of disease conditions which include diarrhoea, urinary tract infections, diabetes mellitus, gonorrhoea, respiratory infections, sterility and mental illnesses. Aim: The aim of the review was carried out using data from Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Sciencedomain and Scifinder to examine published scientific reports, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological books on its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. Results: This review consolidates data on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Key bioactive compounds include a resveratrol glucoside and stilbene glucoside derivatives, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, triterpenoids, essentials oils which contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antihelmintic, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, analgesic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and antimicrobial activities.  Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies have shown that Ficus thonningii is non-toxic if administered orally in low doses. Conclusion: The findings of this study are  useful for  developing a monograph on the plant. The data collected can also support the formulation of TAMs (Traditional Improved Medicines) for proposing safe and effective treatments.