Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Applied in Endodontic Agents and Materials: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background: Graphene, with multifunctional potential in dentistry, is being explored in a variety of fields, including endodontics, due to its antibacterial properties. However, it is not yet a widely accepted reality in endodontics. As a result, a scoping review was undertaken to throw light on studies in the literature that combine graphene and its antimicrobial impact in various ways in endodontic therapy, with the goal of identifying the major developments and uses of graphene, as well as its potential applications in endodontics. Methods: A scoping review was done to identify graphene's primary achievements and usage, as well as potential endodontic applications.  Our protocol was created using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and the following bibliographic databases were searched without regard to publication year or language: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science.  As inclusion requirements, the study must use a qualitative or quantitative antimicrobial test model to evaluate the substance, and at least one group must be tested with an endodontic agent or material for clinical use. Results: The evaluation comprised nine research that used graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and nano-graphene oxide in in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Graphene has been employed in biofilm investigations as an irrigant, filler, intracanal medicament, and photosensitizer. Conclusion: Although studies show positive results with graphene, standardization of research, manner of usage, and concentration is required for direct comparison of studies and a prospective meta-analysis.