Ammonia Odor Control in Poultry Farms with Closed Housing Systems: A Review of Effective Technologies for Indonesia

Abstract

This narrative review synthesises evidence-based ammonia mitigation technologies for closed-house poultry farms in Indonesia, focusing on manure management, low-protein diets, litter amendments, real-time monitoring and exhaust-treatment systems suited to tropical conditions. Peer-reviewed literature published from 2017 to 2026 was searched and evaluated for methodological quality and applicability to Indonesia's tropical agricultural context. Only peer-reviewed articles were included. Five intervention categories were examined: manure management; low-protein diets with amino acid supplementation; litter amendments, including zeolite, biochar, rice husk and coconut shell biochar; IoT-based real-time NH₃ monitoring; and exhaust-treatment technologies, including biofilters and acid scrubbers. Sodium bisulfate was the most effective litter acidifier, followed by biochar and zeolite. Zeolite at 8-11% (w/w) reduced NH₃ emissions by 20-33%, while biochar produced at 550°C through pyrolysis reduced nitrogen emissions by 55-60%. Acid scrubbers were reported to reduce NH₃ by up to 96%, compared with 42-67% for biofilters. Reducing dietary crude protein by 25 g/kg decreased nitrogen excretion by 25.8%; combined strategies involving low-protein diets, acid scrubbers, biofilters and manure application were reported to reduce emissions by up to 89.3%. Indonesia's annual rice husk production, estimated at approximately 10.10 million tonnes, could generate around 3.89 million tonnes of biochar as a scalable local resource. An integrated multi-strategy approach combining manure management, dietary protein reduction, litter amendments, real-time IoT-based monitoring and exhaust treatment offers a sustainable framework for ammonia mitigation in Indonesian poultry farms, with locally available materials providing climate-appropriate options for small- to medium-scale operations.