A Systematic Review of Heavy Metal Contamination and Human Health Risk Assessment in Soils and Vegetables of Jhansi, Bundelkhand Region, India

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in soil and vegetables poses a serious threat to environmental safety and human health, particularly in regions with intensive agricultural and industrial activities. This review focuses on the extent of heavy metal contamination in the Jhansi district of the Bundelkhand region, analyzing its sources, pathways, accumulation in vegetables, and associated health risks. Metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) have been detected at alarming levels in both soil and edible plants, primarily due to the use of contaminated water for irrigation, application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and proximity to traffic and industrial zones. Health risk assessments, including Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), indicate potential non-Harmful chemicalsic and Harmful chemicalsic risks, especially among vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. The findings highlight an urgent need for continuous monitoring, public awareness, and the implementation of regulatory measures to control the sources of contamination.