α-Solanine Suppresses Glioblastoma Multiforme Growth and Metastatic Properties by Modulating the Apoptosis-autophagy Axis

Abstract

Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has a poor prognosis despite optimal treatment. Recent studies have shown the potential of phytochemicals as anti-cancer agents. α-solanine, derived from plants of the Solanum genus, is a promising molecule in this regard. This study investigated the efficacy of α-solanine compared to temozolomide (TMZ) against GBM cell lines (U87MG, U251, and T98G) in vitro. Methods: In-vitro assays were conducted to assess the viability, migration, invasion, and mode of cell death of U87MG, U251 and T98G GBM cell lines following α-solanine treatment in comparison to TMZ. Rt-qPCR and proteome profiling were conducted to investigate the changes induced by α-solanine on a molecular level. Results: α-solanine demonstrated potent cytotoxicity on all GBM lines, with IC50 values ranging from 19.66 µM to 22.87 µM between cell lines tested, and significantly inhibited GBM cell migration compared to TMZ treatment. RNA and protein level assays indicated upregulation of both apoptotic and autophagy proteins, suggesting the involvement of BECN1 and BNIP3L in α-solanine-induced cell death. Discussion and Conclusion: These findings contribute to the search for effective GBM treatments. Future studies should increase the number of biological replicates, employ alternative methods to strengthen the findings, and conduct in vivo experiments and testing using patient-derived GBM tissue to better evaluate any therapeutic suitability of and fully understand the mode of action of α-solanine on GBM.