A Review on Green Solvents for Sustainable Pigment Extraction from Floral Sources

Abstract

The study of extracting colorants from flowers appeals to researchers because flowers generate visually appealing results while offering health benefits and industrial utility in food production and medical fields. The usage of modern extraction systems which require toxic organic solvents creates both environmental risks and health concerns. This study evaluates the effectiveness of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids as eco-friendly alternatives to toxic solvent systems used for pigment extraction. The solvent systems meet green chemistry protocols while providing more effective solutions that protect health and the environment. Pigment quality remains stable while output increases thanks to extraction methods combined with sonication, microwave and enzyme technologies. New research on carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains with updated extraction techniques shows how green solvents fulfill their potential role in pigment extraction. The current laboratory evidence shows limitations as scientists struggle to scale up production volumes for profitable operation methods which also adhere to industrial specifications. Making sustainable industrial methods effective for pigment extraction from floral sources needs the resolution of both technical and commercial obstacles.