A Review of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Electronic Waste: Global Challenges and Sustainable Management Solutions

Abstract

This systematic review investigates the environmental and health impacts of electronic waste (e-waste), emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable management strategies. The study covers global trends with a regional focus on Asia, Africa, and parts of Latin America—areas most affected by informal recycling practices. Using a structured methodology based on PRISMA guidelines, peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and reports from 2014 to 2024 were analyzed across databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. The review highlights severe contamination of soil, water, and air by toxic components including heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, particularly in developing nations. Epidemiological data confirm significant health risks—such as respiratory disorders, neurological damage, and increased cancer incidence—especially among children and pregnant women. The paper critically evaluates current e-waste management frameworks and proposes sustainable solutions that integrate circular economy principles, extended producer responsibility, and innovative recycling technologies. Policy recommendations emphasize international cooperation, regulatory enforcement, and the formalization of informal recycling sectors to mitigate the escalating global e-waste crisis.