A Review of the Effect of Vaping on the Plasma Levels of Clozapine and Its Clinical Implications

Abstract

Background: Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication essential for treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Its plasma levels are influenced by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, particularly CYP1A2. Vaping and traditional smoking may impact clozapine metabolism. Objective: This study aims to explore how vaping affects the plasma levels of clozapine, focusing on the pharmacokinetic interactions between clozapine and vaping constituents, and the implications for clinical practice. Methods: A literature review was conducted to examine the interactions between nicotine smoking, CYP450 enzymes, and clozapine metabolism. Additionally, case reports were analyzed to understand the clinical implications for patients on clozapine who switch from smoking to vaping. Results: Unlike traditional smoking, vaping lacks combustion products like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), leading to reduced CYP1A2 induction. Case reports showed that switching from smoking to vaping often results in elevated plasma clozapine levels due to decreased CYP1A2 activity, causing adverse effects from toxicity. However, some vape products containing combustible products like aldehydes and carbonyls can induce CYP450 enzymes, leading to subtherapeutic plasma clozapine level. Conclusion: Vaping may affect clozapine metabolism primarily through de-induction of CYP1A2 activity in patients who switch from smoking to vaping. Switching from smoking to vaping can reduce CYP1A2 induction, thereby raising the risk of toxicity due to increased serum clozapine levels. Hence, health professionals should carefully monitor plasma clozapine levels in patients who switch from smoking to vaping and adjust dosages as needed to maintain therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse effects.