A Qualitative Research on the Status of Arnis Education in Higher Education Institutions: Implications for Curriculum Development

Abstract

This study examined the current status of Arnis education in higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Philippines, focusing on its integration within the Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness (PATHFit) curriculum. It aimed to identify implementation gaps, assess compliance with national policies, and propose strategies for curricular enhancement and cultural revitalization. Employing a qualitative research design, the study utilized document analysis and classroom observations to explore the pedagogical and institutional dimensions of Arnis instruction. Guided by Cultural Curriculum Theory and the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) model, the research examined how cultural values and technological integration influence the teaching and learning of Arnis. The study was conducted in selected Philippine HEIs offering PATHFit courses from June 2024 to March 2025. Data were gathered from curriculum guides, course syllabi, institutional policies, and relevant documents, complemented by classroom observations that examined instructional strategies, student participation, and use of equipment. Thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework was employed to interpret findings. Results revealed a persistent gap between Republic Act No. 9850’s mandate and its actual implementation in HEIs. Challenges included the absence of standardized policies, shortage of qualified instructors, limited resources and facilities, insufficient time allocation, and varying student motivation. Moreover, the cultural and philosophical dimensions of Arnis were often underemphasized, reducing it to a mere physical activity rather than a medium of national identity. The study concludes that while Arnis holds strong potential as both a fitness discipline and a cultural heritage tool, its educational implementation remains fragmented. Strengthening teacher training, improving facilities, enriching curricular content, standardizing assessment tools, and fostering institutional collaboration are crucial to ensuring that Arnis education sustains its dual role in promoting physical fitness and Filipino cultural identity.