A Comprehensive Review on Biomarkers for Osteoarthritis: Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy and Prognostic Insights

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the current state of biomarkers in osteoarthritis (OA) management, focusing on their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility. The review also assesses the potential of multi-marker models that integrate clinical and demographic data, and explores the relationships between OA and other systemic conditions. Methods: A search of electronic databases comprising PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE was conducted, following the PRISMA guidelines, to identify relevant studies that discuss the role of biomarkers in OA. Special attention was given to studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy, prognostic value, and therapeutic implications of these molecular indicators. Results: Of the 736 studies identified, a total of 8 were included. Numerous biomarkers such as C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type II (u-CTX-II), serum cartilage oligomeric protein (COMP), N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity troponins T and I (hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI) have been explored for their potential role in cartilage degradation and disease progression in osteoarthritis (OA). These biomarkers, often associated with collagen and aggrecan metabolism in joint tissues, have been investigated for their diagnostic accuracy, prognostic value, and therapeutic implications. Despite these efforts, no individual biomarker has yet achieved the level of reliability and specificity required for individualized diagnosis or prognosis. Conclusion: Biomarkers hold substantial promise in advancing our understanding and management of OA, but their individual application remains limited. A key limitation of this review is the small number of studies included, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Integrated multi-marker models offer a more nuanced and effective risk assessment and could serve as a basis for individualized management strategies. The findings suggest that future research should focus on refining multi-marker models, exploring novel biomarkers, and elucidating the systemic implications of OA. Additionally, larger and more comprehensive studies are needed to validate these biomarkers' clinical utility.