Traumatic Exposure and Mental Health Outcomes among Faroese Women during Pregnancy and after Childbirth

Abstract

Background: Previous research findings show a strong association between traumatic exposure and perinatal mental health, with high comorbidity between depression, anxiety and PTSD. Objectives: To examine maternal mental health among Faroese pregnant women in relation to the risk of developing depression during pregnancy or after childbirth. A further objective was to investigate associations between music and singing activity and mental health outcomes. Method: Data were collected from 424 Faroese women during pregnancy (20-35 weeks of gestation) and 8-10 weeks after childbirth. Data included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). A questionnaire was developed to obtain information on demographics, previous pregnancy and birth experiences, sleep quality, previous traumatic exposures, expectations about parenthood, and music and singing activity in everyday life. Results: Previous traumatic exposures may have influenced the risk of developing depression, anxiety and high levels of stress. In total, 18% were at risk of developing depression during pregnancy and 11% were at risk postnatally. Additionally, 23% had anxiety during pregnancy and 14% postnatally. Risk factors related to age, living situation, social relations, worries and fear of childbirth (FOC), mental illness, previous traumatic exposure, experiences of abuse and stress level were identified. Participants who did not grow up with music and/or singing were found to be significantly more at risk of stress. Conclusions: A considerable minority screened positive for depression and anxiety. Therefore, obligatory screening is important, and this should include previous trauma exposure. A team specialised in the perinatal period, with psychological, psychotraumatological and psychiatric knowledge, is recommended, as is trauma-informed care among midwives and health visitors.