Comparative Effects of Crude Ethanol Zapoteca portoricensis Leaf Extract and Its Fractions on Some Kidney Markers in Formalin-induced Inflammation in Rats

Abstract

This study evaluated the comparative nephroprotective potential of crude ethanol extract of Zapoteca portoricensis leaf and its fractions in formalin-induced inflammation in Wistar rats. Leaves were harvested, authenticated, dried, macerated in ethanol, and fractionated with n-hexane and ethanol. Acute toxicity (LD₅₀) was assessed in mice, and the n-hexane fraction showed the highest bioactivity. Wistar rats were divided into Normal Control, Negative Control, Standard Control, and the Treatment groups. Serum kidney markers (urea, creatinine) and electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, HCO₃⁻) were measured using standard biochemical methods. Negative Control showed significantly elevated urea and creatinine and disrupted electrolyte balance. Treatment with the n-hexane fraction (300 mg/kg) normalized renal markers and corrected Na⁺/K⁺ imbalance without acute toxicity. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids, supporting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal use of Z. portoricensis and indicate its promise as a safe plant-based intervention for inflammation-related kidney dysfunction. Further study is recommended on the n-hexane fraction to elucidate its bioactive compounds.