Assessment of the Effect of Iron and Zinc Distribution on the Growth and Yield Performance of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Parent Materials in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examines the effect of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) distribution on the growth and yield performance of maize (Zea mays L.) in soils derived from different parent materials in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A total of 25 surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from soils formed over alluvial deposits, beach ridge sands, coastal plain sands, sandstones, and mangrove swamps. Two separate screen-house and field experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) to assess maize response to Fe and Zn fertilization at five application rates (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 kg/ha). The results showed that Fe and Zn availability significantly influenced maize growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area, stem girth, and dry matter yield. The optimal Fe and Zn application rates for maize growth and yield were found to be 7.5 kg/ha, leading to significant improvements in biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake, and grain yield. Among the soil extractants tested, 0.1M HCl and Coca-Cola demonstrated the highest correlation with Fe and Zn availability, making them the most effective in predicting micronutrient bioavailability. The findings highlight the importance of Fe and Zn supplementation in nutrient-deficient soils and suggest that soil parent material plays a crucial role in micronutrient distribution and maize productivity. These findings have important implications for soil fertility management and maize production strategies in Akwa Ibom State and similar agroecological zones. The study underscores the need for site-specific micronutrient management, particularly in Fe- and Zn-deficient soils, to enhance maize productivity. The identified effective extractants can serve as practical tools for rapid soil testing and targeted fertilization, ensuring efficient nutrient use and improved crop yield. Integrating these insights into extension programs and precision agriculture practices can contribute to sustainable maize production and food security in the region.