Comparative Evaluation of Ghrelin Levels before and after Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and Without Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using ELISA: A Clinical and Biochemical Study

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is aggravated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ghrelin is an anti-inflammatory peptide hormone that may play a role in the relationship between periodontal inflammation and systemic health. Understanding the relationship between periodontal inflammation and systemic biomarkers, such as ghrelin, is important for evaluating the effects of periodontal therapy and its wider health implications. Objective: This study aimed to compare gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) ghrelin hormone levels in chronic periodontitis patients with and without controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus using ELISA and to estimate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy, including scaling and root planing (SRP), on GCF ghrelin hormone levels in both groups. Material and Methods: This clinical study included 24 participants divided into two groups: Group I (chronic periodontitis patients, n = 12) and Group II (chronic periodontitis patients with controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, n = 12). Clinical parameters, including Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), were measured at baseline and one month after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected and analysed for ghrelin levels using ELISA. Result: At 1 month after SRP, both groups showed significant intragroup improvement in plaque index, gingival index, and probing pocket depth. CAL improved in Group I, while it showed a slight deterioration in Group II, though both changes were statistically significant. Ghrelin levels decreased in both groups, but the change was not significant. On intergroup analysis, significant differences were seen in all clinical parameters, including CAL, whereas ghrelin levels did not differ significantly. Overall, non-surgical periodontal therapy was associated with reduced local periodontal inflammation in chronic periodontitis patients with and without controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus.