Evaluation of the Hepatic Effects of Unripe Carica papaya (Pawpaw) Sap in Adult Male Wistar Rats

Abstract

Introduction: Carica papaya (pawpaw) is commonly used in traditional medicine for its nutritional and therapeutic benefits, yet the effects of its unripe fruit sap on liver function remain poorly studied. This research aimed to assess the hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective properties of unripe Carica papaya fruit sap in adult male Wistar rats through biochemical and histological evaluations. Methodology: Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned into four groups of six: Group A (control) and Groups B, C, and D received oral doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of unripe pawpaw fruit sap, respectively, for 14 days. Acute toxicity (LD₅₀) was determined using Lorke’s method. Liver function was evaluated via serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities using WHO-recommended spectrophotometric methods. Histopathological examination of liver tissues was conducted post-treatment. Results: Results showed no significant differences in body weight, while liver weight significantly decreased in the high-dose group (p = 0.006), indicating potential hepatotoxicity. AST levels were significantly elevated in the moderate- and high-dose groups, while ALT increased only in the moderate-dose group. ALP levels remained unchanged across all groups. Histology revealed mild liver damage at higher doses. Conclusion: These findings suggest that unripe Carica papaya sap may exert dose-dependent effects on liver function. While lower doses showed minimal hepatic alteration, higher doses were associated with biochemical and histological changes indicative of potential hepatotoxicity. This highlights the importance of cautious evaluation of its use, particularly at high concentrations.