Burden of Soil-transmitted Helminths and Anthelmintic Resistance

Abstract

This review focused on the health effects of nematode parasite but it is not out of place to mention the importance and menace of plant parasitic nematodes in crop farming. Nematodes are round, elongate bilaterally symmetrical worms. Most nematodes are dioecious, although a few monoecious species are known. Knowledge of the different stages in relation to their growth and development is the basis for understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of helminth diseases as well as in their treatment. Parasitic nematodes of humans inhabit tissues or body fluids (Filarial worms) and the intestinal tract. Nematodes found in the intestinal tract are called gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes or soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) because of their faecal-soil-oral route of transmission. The ability of parasitic nematodes to survive within their host has been attributed to their body form and structure. A non-bony skeleton and non-segmented smooth body allows motility in curves and folding of the GI tract. STHs increase poverty, contribute to morbidity and mortality, impair development and reduce productivity. The Treatment of nematode infection faces challenges due to the development of resistance by target nematodes therefore, there is need for alternative. Innovative approaches, including the exploration of novel compounds and biopesticides derived from natural sources, hold promise for expanding the therapeutic landscape. Future research should, therefore, prioritize the scientific validation of various alternative therapies, such as phytotherapy, to ensure robust management practices that bolster animal health and welfare while minimizing reliance on conventional anthelmintics.