Risk and Toxicity Assessments of Heavy Metals in Tympanotonus fuscatus and Sediments from Iko River, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study evaluates the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in water, sediments and Tympanotonus fuscatus obtained from three sample sites along Iko River in Eastern Obolo LGA, AkwaIbom State. The heavy metal analysis results on Pb, Cd and Ni in sediments and Tympanotonus fuscatus were used to estimate the human health and ecological risk assessment of the study area. The human health risk assessment tools utilized in this study were estimated dietary intake (EDI), total hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) while sediment pollution parameters evaluated were contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (CD), pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). Results obtained showed that EDI of Cd in periwinkle in the study sites ranged from 0.2 – 6.4 µg/kg-bw/day and exceeded the provisional tolerable dietary intake (PTDI), while EDI for Pb (0.0004 – 2.6 µg/kg-bw/day) and Ni (0.32 – 2 µg/kg-bw/day) was within the limit for all sites, except Ni in site II (34 µg/kg-bw/day) which was higher than the PTDI of 5 µg/kg-bw/day. The THQ of Cd in all sites was greater than 1, while Pb and Ni generally recorded THQ < 1. The hazard index (HI) was as follows: site I (2.36), sites II (24.44) and site III (6.5), highlighting a potential hazardous effect to humans as a result of the consumption of Tympanotonus fuscatus obtained from site II and III. The sediment pollution assessment revealed that the contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index, Igeo of Cd were far above the permissible limits while Pb and Ni were mostly within limits. The estimated contamination degree (CD) and pollution load index (PLI) showed a high degree of pollution, which can be mainly attributed to the high degree of Cd contamination in the sediment. Therefore, the area under investigation is highly polluted and the periwinkle obtained from Iko river in the study area is unfit for human consumption.