Preliminary Assessment of the Effects of the Baspa-II Hydropower Project on the Vertebrate Diversity and Socio-economic Aspects in the Baspa Valley, Western Himalaya, India

Abstract

Hydropower development can support renewable electricity generation, but projects in ecologically sensitive Himalayan valleys may also influence wildlife habitats and local livelihoods. This study assessed vertebrate diversity and socio-economic conditions in villages surrounding the Baspa-II Hydropower Project in Baspa Valley, Himachal Pradesh. Monthly ecological surveys were conducted from June 2025 to February 2026 using direct sightings, indirect signs, line transects, visual encounter surveys and species-specific identification methods. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were administered to 100 respondents from Kuppa, Kamru, Sangla, Chansu and Rakchham. The survey recorded two fish species, one amphibian species, five reptile species, 51 bird species and eight mammalian species. The reservoir and surrounding habitats were used by several aquatic and winter migratory bird species. Local perceptions of project-related change were mixed. Approximately 50% of respondents reported negative socio-economic impacts, while 40% perceived alterations in wildlife habitats. Respondents also described concerns related to agricultural land loss, reduced crop and apple yields, limited direct employment and changes in wildlife sightings, although some acknowledged improvements in infrastructure and employment opportunities. Because the study lacked pre-project baseline data and a comparable control site, the findings do not establish direct causation. Nevertheless, they provide preliminary baseline information and indicate the value of long-term ecological monitoring, transparent community engagement and site-specific mitigation in fragile Himalayan landscapes.