Apple cider (AC) is inexpensive, widely available, and does not compete directly with the food supply. It is also rich in fermentable sugars, making it an attractive feedstock for second-generation bioethanol. This study examined how aeration affects ethanol yield when fresh-pres...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajacr/2026/v17i4429
Apple processing generates substantial quantities of pomace waste, comprising approximately 25–30% of the processed fruit dry mass. This inexpensive, non-food-competing residue retains a substantial fermentable carbohydrate content, making it an attractive feedstock for biogas pr...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jenrr/2026/v18i10546
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the oldest fibre crops used in papermaking, predating wood pulp by centuries, and its renewed legal status under the 2014 and 2018 U.S. Farm Bills has revived interest in it as a sustainable papermaking fibre. This study evaluates Hemp fibre as...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jmsrr/2026/v9i4520
Fabric fibres have been used in paper production for more than 2,000 years. With industrialisation, wood-based fibres largely replaced textile fibres in paper products and packaging grades. Environmental concerns about plastic bags have renewed interest in paper-based and bio-bas...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jmsrr/2026/v9i3498
At present time paper industry sector faces increasing production costs due to increasing energy costs, implementation of stringent environmental laws, sustainable consumer demands, globalization and high competitiveness and pressure on profit margins. This laboratory research pr...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jmsrr/2026/v9i2485
Hemp known as Cannabis Sativa, has been cultivated as an agricultural crop centuries before the Common Area and has been used extensively during colonial times as a cash crop in Europe and America. During industrialization the agricultural production of hemp declined and came to...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jmsrr/2025/v8i3430
The paper and board industry strives to become more environmentally friendly by utilizing new eco-friendly raw materials that can improve production processes at the same time. One solution for the board producing paper product segment is the utilization of nano fibrillated fiber...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/air/2025/v26i31321
Klaus Dölle, Lauren Purvis, Mingyu Cai, Chengyu Jin & Puxi Qiu·Advances in Research·2025
The review paper gives a brief overview of the historical use of carbon materials like graphite and charcoal and graphene and its production. It reviews the application of graphene for industrial application such as energy storage, electronics, biomedical, and environmental field...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/air/2025/v26i11255
Increased environmental awareness and treating waste water streams from municipalities, agricultural and industrial producers in an environmentally sound way makes it necessary to look at processes inspired by nature. The presented research focus performed at the Clean water Educ...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jmsrr/2024/v7i4373
This study investigates the application of recycled plastic material in Subterranean Flow Constructed Wetlands, which are used for the treatment of pre clarified wastewater in an environmentally sound way inspired by natural biological processes. The focus of the presented resear...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jmsrr/2024/v7i4365
One of the oldest packaging materials is fiber cloth beside ceramic containers prior to the invention of paper. Hemp and cotton-based textiles were used to bag flour and other perishable products. Paper was first used as a writing material, because it was too valuable to be used...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jmsrr/2024/v7i4350
Klaus Dölle, Helga Zoller-Croll, David Blazevic, Felix Hörl, Anna Lexa, Fabian Noss, Shyam Prasad, Gesa Richter, Erik Schmeckebier, Jack Slavinskas & Matthias Weiß·Journal of Engineering Research and Reports·2024
Paper products have been used for thousands of years for art and communication purposes. The presented project describes the development of a unique greeting card art paper product, comprised of a card stock with a basis weight of 150 g/m2 having a purple color tone and inlay pap...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i61174
This review paper gives an overview Hemp known as Cannabis Sativa, which has been cultivated and used as an agricultural crop centuries before the Common Area. Hemp has been described as the billion-dollar plant in 1938 but has lost its value in the U.S. and the World due to regu...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/air/2024/v25i21037
Since paper has been invented in Chana in 105 BC by Cai Lun it has transformed human live. Sustainable developments favor paper as packaging media to replace plastic packaging materials. Laboratory tests were performed on commercially available packaging papers for the assessment...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111034
Prior to the establishment of the United Sates Environmental Protection Agency and the Clean Water Act signed into law in 1972, water treatment was done on a minimal level or was not present at all. Since then, scientists strive to improve and advance new and existing water treat...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i101014
Process steps of flocculation, filtration and centrifugation are investigated to better utilizing existing storage capacity of agriculturally based effluents and at the same time minimize the environmental impact of agricultural operations. As flocculant Ca(OH)2 as a 20% solution...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajaar/2023/v23i3470
Today energy and clean water is a requirement in all societies worldwide to run productive processes. This affects the natural environment negatively and requires establishing more environmentally sustainable processes to decrease dependency and preserve the natural environment....
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i7948
Growing population and industrial complexes require municipalities to initiate costly upgrades of their wastewater treatment facilities in order to protect the environment and nearby water bodies. This research project explores if a process combination of centrifugation, floccula...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajarr/2023/v17i9525
Klaus Dölle, Nicole Byrnes, Sean Dristle, Tyler Fernandez, Mumin Hussein, Colby Krauss, Brody McCarthy, Paul Sausville, Johnny Schoen, Jack Slavinskas, Evan Wilson & Ian Wojcikowski·Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews·2023
Packaging materials for packaging liquid goods may contain over 75% virgin bleached fiber material that can be used to offset and or upgrade existing board products. This laboratory handsheet study investigated the use of recycled old corrugated container and liquid container boa...
To investigate if decentralized wastewater treatment systems impact on the environment performance can be improved, a Field Bio-tower Tank Septic system was designed, installed on an existing 1,500-gal (5678 l) decentralized wastewater treatment system. The system was started up...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i4900
Raw material, energy, water, and additive cost are challenges for today’s board manufacturing and new sustainable solutions are needed to produce paper products with an favorable environmental footprint. A laboratory Fourdrinier paper machine study manufactured a board product wi...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2023/v24i5815
Klaus Dölle, Nicole Byrnes, Sean Dristle, Tyler Fernandez, Mumin Hussein, Colby Krauss, Brody McCarthy, Paul Sausville, Johnny Schoen, Jack Slavinskas, Evan Wilson & Ian Wojcikowski·Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews·2022
In the recent past packaging material is on high demand. The use of environmentally friendly packaging materials requires that more recycled material is utilized in the manufacturing chain. Fiber material from liquid container board packaging which may contain over 75% virgin ble...
With a growing global population and the constant striving for prosperity, comes a growing demand for energy. Biogas and its upgrading to biomethane are prosperous and sustainable energy sources that even allow the use of the natural gas infrastructure. Biogas production using di...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jenrr/2022/v12i4249
Efficient wastewater treatment technologies are needed to curb water scarcities and prevent the spread of diseases and contamination of water sheds. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems or respectively septic systems are easy to afford and handle – especially in rural areas...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2022/v23i12787
High board and packaging material demands due to increased internet sales require the board and packaging manufacturing industry to increase production capabilities. Legislature actions require the utilization of environmentally friendly packaging materials as well as upgrade exi...
Klaus Dölle, Nicole Byrnes, Sean Dristle, Tyler Fernandez, Mumin Hussein, Colby Krauss, Brody McCarthy, Paul Sausville, Johnny Schoen, Jack Slavinskas, Evan Wilson & Ian Wojcikowski·Journal of Engineering Research and Reports·2022
The use of aseptic packaging creates many opportunities around the world to replace plastic based packaging of liquid and food-based containers in the near future. This will lead to a cleaner environment, less pollution within the air and the sea, and will help stimulate growth w...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2022/v23i12780
The composition of beverage cartons also called aseptic packaging materials is paper, polyethylene, and aluminum to provide the packaged products with long shelf life without refrigeration or adding preservatives. Various recovery processes in the chemical, thermochemical and rep...
The presented research project describes the development of a copy paper product from recycled egg carton fiber material. The development included laboratory handsheet development and machine-made paper product produced on a 12-inch (304 mm) wide laboratory Fourdrinier paper mach...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2022/v23i317599
A laboratory biotower septic tank system was designed, installed, started up with unfiltered wastewater during a 9-day start-up phase, and operated at a hydraulic retention time of 5-, 15-, and 20 days with filtered waste water and 5-, 10-, and 15 days for liquid cow manure. The...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajarr/2022/v16i930494
One in every five households in the United States of America operates a decentralized water treatment systems which is also know as septic system, which may contribute to pollutions in water bodies if not operated properly. For this research a 15.0-liter (3.97 gal.) laboratory be...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2022/v22i1017571
Energy is required in all societies worldwide. This led to a dependency of fossil fuel. During uncertain times fossil fuel supply become highly politically and used as an influencing source. This requires establishing a more environmentally friendly processes to decrease dependen...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430284
Grape cultivation and wine production has been in practice since 7000 BC in ancient China. Today, top wine producing countries are France, Italy, and Spain, including the United States. New York State is the third largest wine producing state in the US, with over 28 million gallo...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i230273
Klaus Dölle, Serena L. Brandt, Rodrigo Medina Castillo, William S. Contento, Jacob A. Darius, Jonathan M. Day, Sean M. Jr. Ferry, Owen S. Henkler, Emily E. Hicks, Kevin D. Holmes, Kelly J. O’Keefe, Joseph P. Payette & Edith L. Taylor·Journal of Engineering Research and Reports·2022
Plastics are one of the most widely and abundant substances in today's society. Worldwide the usage of low-density polyethylene bags create pollution on land and in the oceans, especially when they break down in macro and micro plastics. On all continents, governments try to esta...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2022/v22i517539
Replacement of fossil-based resources with renewable resources to offset the use for heating and electricity production are important for today’s social and economic growth and energy security. Anaerobic fermentation and the production of biogas generates an alternative, carbon-n...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i130266
Beverage coaster paper represents a specialty paper grade, which has its origin in the late 1880s. Its primary function is to serve as a barrier between the beverage and the table surface by soaking up the condensing water of the cold beverage and protect the wooden table surface...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2022/v22i417533
Each paper grade, especially art papers have their own unique requirements by the artist using the paper in regard to mechanical integrity, surface topography, optical appearance and printability based on the unique artistic process applied during printing. Wheat straw fiber, a l...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2022/v22i117518
Since the invention of the paper by in 105 CE to Chai Lun many improvements have been made to the paper product we know today. Today a paper machines can be over 600 m long and 11.5 m wide, running at speeds of over 2000 m/min, and producing up to 4,500 metric tons per hour. Pape...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i1117502
Paper manufacturing originated in China in 105 BC and has come a long way. Countless different paper grades have been developed and are being used all over the world today. One of these paper grades is blotting paper, first recognized in 1465 and machine manufactured in the 1800’...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i1117507
Screen printing originated in China during the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) and is used today in commercial and artistic applications. The presented research project describes the development of a screen-printing product for studio art applications. The improvement of the paper pro...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i917490
Wood relief block printing was developed in China in the seventh century and is used today for many art printing applications. The presented research project describes the development of an art paper product applicable for large wood relief block printing from laboratory scale to...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i717475
Paper manufacturing on a global scale is a highly competitive market which requires to constantly improve the manufacturing process to be competitive. To decrease production cost paper manufactures, add filler material prior to sheet forming to replace costly wood fiber based raw...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v20i1217424
Beating is one of the most important and complicated processes that influences paper production and paper quality from both a process and a paper property standpoint. With increasing costs, environmental regulations and competitiveness in the today’s global market, paper and boar...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v20i817362
The paper industry around the world is in search for new ways to decrease production costs. New approached with additives such as new developed In Situ precipitated paper fillers materials have the potential to reduce production cost and increase profit margins. In Situ precipita...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v20i817352
Paper fillers materials are less expensive than fiber, allowing reduced production costs and improvement of paper properties. A small pilot scale in-situ laboratory calcium carbonate filler precipitation unit was developed and designed with the objective to provide enough pulp fi...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v20i517317
This review paper aims to address the topic of the living, prospects as well as jeopardies of the invasive Zebra Mussel. Broad literature reviews have been taken place to gather as many facts on this species as possible to summon all the most significant information up in one pap...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajee/2020/v13i230176
Production of electricity, heat and fuel are important for today’s social and economic growth. Biogas produced by anaerobic co-digestion is an alternative, carbon-neutral, renewable fuel that can be generated from local, low-cost organic materials. Co-digestion of Water Hyacinth...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jenrr/2020/v5i330149
Three-quarters of the global energy consumption is expected to come from fossil fuels by 2040 despite many drawbacks to the world’s reliance on fossil fuels. The primary drawback of fossil fuels is in procuring, transporting, refining, and combusting them which generates pollutio...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jenrr/2020/v5i330147
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation systems are a common method of inactivating bacteria in municipal water treatment but has not been applied in a paper mill operations. Determining the feasibility of installing such a system is the purpose of this report. Directly treating a starch solu...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2020/v11i417068
This study shows that spruce woodmeal can be an alternative cellulosic-based wood additive for newsprint applications. This study used unbleached wood flour produced from Spruce sawdust, ground and sieved to a particle size of 20-40 µm, 40-70 µm, 70-120 µm and 200-...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2020/v10i117027
An handsheet study was performed to compare the application of unmodified pearl corn starch and cationic tapioca starch on 100% recycled paperboard. To analyze the benefits tensile index, Canadian Standard Freeness, and starch retention was measured. The results found that cation...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2019/v9i417024
This review paper gives an overview of Cannabis Sativa, also known as hemp, which has been cultivated and used century's B.C. due to its medical, hallucinogenic and agricultural properties. Cannabis has been described in 1938 as the billion-dollar plant but has lost its value in...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/air/2019/v20i330161
The main objective of this paper handsheet study is to investigate if a hybrid filler material containing wood flour and precipitated calcium carbonate can replace and/or supplement commercially available ground calcium carbonate and precipitated calcium carbonate mineral filler...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/CSJI/2019/v27i230110
Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate if spruce wood flour can be an alternative cellulosic-based wood additive for papermaking. Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conducted at the State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry in...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajocs/2019/v6i118989
This laboratory handsheet and Fourdrinier pilot paper machine study examine the suitability of willow as a commercial hardwood pulp replacement including utilizing recycled pulp for paper production. The hand sheet study contains 16 different and the pilot paper machine study eig...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/ajocs/2018/v5i218980
A multi-functional bleaching equipment for laboratory use was developed. The setup allowed the bleaching of four pulp samples at the same time. The bleaching setup works for traditional oxygen and ozone bleaching, using caustic soda and calcium hydroxides as bleaching additive. T...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/AJOCS/2018/40620
Algae species Cladophora glomerata and Vaucheria are growing in a trickling filter in the secondary treatment process at a Waste Water Treatment Facility. This study investigates the role of the algae and its potential application a as biomass feed source for renewable energy pro...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/JABB/2015/19185
Hemp has been a longstanding material choice for textile creations. As far back as early Chinese civilizations humans have been using hemp for items including paper, clothing, rope, and various other household items. As trading moved westward, more civilizations began to pick up...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/arjass/2024/v22i1506
The aim of this study is to investigate if wastepaper and biosolids can be used to dual-fuel a small diesel generator with producer gas produced by a tiny Imbert style downdraft gasifier. The waste paper was formed into 20 cm³ to 60 cm³ chunks, dried to a 6% moisture content and...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i917489
The aim of this work was to study the diesel fuel savings in dual fueling a small diesel powered genset with a small Imbert style downdraft gasifier fueled with hardwood wood chips. Eight different runs were conducted, five with the engine fueled with diesel alone to characterize...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/AIR/2018/39431
Syngas is a comparatively low energy fuel gas that can be utilized in spark ignition and compression ignition (diesel) internal combustion engines manufactured to run on gasoline or diesel fuels to reduce or eliminate the petroleum fuel requirement for the engine. Syngas can be p...
Open access
Research Article10.9734/AIR/2017/32896