Biochemical Implications and Strategic Utilization of Alternative Feed Ingredients in Nigerian Poultry Production: Challenges, Gaps, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

The escalating costs and inconsistent availability of conventional poultry feed ingredients, notably maize and soybean meal, have prompted Nigerian poultry producers to explore alternative feed ingredients (AFIs), including agro-industrial by-products. While AFIs offer notable economic incentives, their potential biochemical impacts on poultry health warrant careful evaluation. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biochemical responses of poultry to common AFIs utilized in Nigeria—specifically cassava peels, palm kernel cake, moringa leaf meal, maggot meal, and brewers' dried grains. Focus is placed on critical markers such as liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), oxidative stress indicators (MDA, catalase, SOD), serum lipid profiles, and immune function parameters. Evidence indicates that while certain AFIs enhance antioxidant defenses and reduce feed costs, others—particularly when improperly processed or used at excessive levels—may precipitate liver dysfunction, lipid imbalances, or compromised nutrient assimilation. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating biochemical assessments into feed evaluation protocols. The review further advocates for integrative research linking biochemical markers with performance outcomes to define safe inclusion thresholds and support the sustainable advancement of poultry production systems in Nigeria.