Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Phytochemical Constituents in Selected Medicinal Plants from Nigeria

Abstract

The therapeutic potential of medicinal plants is well-recognized globally for their rich phytochemical profiles and pharmacological properties. This study examined the phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of six (6) selected medicinal plants. Standard extraction and quantitative screening methods were employed, revealing diverse distributions of key bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Justicia carnea excelled in tannins (132.16 mg/g) and cardiac glycosides (137.12 mg/g), alongside notable alkaloids (12.05 mg/g) and phenolics (22.52 mg/g), suggesting strong anti-inflammatory and cardiac-modulatory effects. Heinsia crinitea showed high tannins (125.14 mg/g) and TPC (382.22 mg/g), with solid alkaloids (10.13 mg/g) and DPPH activity (129.23), indicating robust antioxidant capacity. Kalanchoe pinnata demonstrated elevated alkaloids (18.4 mg/g), tannins (116.78 mg/g), and TPC (216.11 mg/g), positioning it as a versatile candidate for wound healing and immune support. Aloe vera led in saponins (10.67 mg/g) and TPC (210.05 mg/g), with substantial alkaloids (13.07 mg/g), supporting its traditional use in skin repair and anti-inflammatory applications. Vernonia amygdalina featured high steroids (4.72 mg/g), flavonoids (13 mg/g), and alkaloids (9.89 mg/g), with moderate TPC (67.52 mg/g) and DPPH (73.22), aligning with its antimicrobial and antimalarial properties. Ocimum gratissimum exhibited balanced profiles, including TPC (27.16 mg/g) and DPPH (68.4), highlighting potential for respiratory and immune-modulatory benefits. These results highlight the pharmacological value of these compounds, and other metabolites, which drive antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing activities. This analysis validates traditional uses through scientific evidence, paving the way for advanced extraction techniques, safety evaluations, and industrial applications.