Biocomposites: A Review of Materials, Properties and Applications for Sustainable Development

Abstract

Composite materials are widely used in daily life in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, construction, and agriculture because of their durability, strength, and lightweight properties, and the composites market is expected to grow substantially in the coming years. However, synthetic composites cause environmental damage and health hazards, creating the need for eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives, among which biocomposites are considered a promising option. Biocomposites are composites in which at least one component, either the matrix or the reinforcement, is made from a renewable material, and they can be formed through combinations of natural fibres with non-biodegradable polymers, synthetic fibres with biopolymers, or natural fibres with biopolymers. Natural fibres, especially vegetable fibres, are widely used as reinforcement because they are renewable, readily available, and have a short growth period, while matrices may be petroleum-based or bio-based and help bind the fibres, transfer load, and protect the composite from damage. Biocomposites have applications in construction, automotive components, packaging, and agriculture, including slow-release fertilizer coatings, green herbicides, mulch films, plant pots, and soil conditioners. They also offer environmental benefits by reducing CO2 emissions and promoting the use of renewable resources, though further research is needed to improve their structural and functional stability and to fully realize their potential as sustainable alternatives to conventional composites. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of biocomposites, including their composition, properties, and applications across multiple sectors. It further highlights current challenges related to mechanical performance, durability, and large-scale implementation, while identifying key research gaps and future directions for advancing sustainable material development.