Remote Sensing-Based Assessment of Carbon Stock Dynamics in the Kalounayes Classified Forest, Senegal, West Africa

Abstract

Tropical forests serve as major carbon sinks and play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Since their carbon sequestration capacity can be enhanced through sustainable management, the development of reliable spatio-temporal monitoring methods is essential. This study analyses the evolution of carbon stocks in the Kalounayes Classified Forest (Casamance, Senegal) from 1996 to 2026, using satellite remote sensing data. The methodological approach involves the use of Landsat imagery (ETM+, OLI, and TIRS), the calculation of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the estimation of above-ground, below-ground, and total biomass as well as carbon stocks using biomass models based on NDVI. The results reveal contrasting vegetation dynamics, characterised by an improvement in NDVI between 1996 and 2026. Furthermore, the mean values for biomass (above-ground, below-ground, and total) and carbon stocks have gradually increased, indicating a diffuse regeneration of forest stands. Conversely, a substantial decline in the maximum biomass and carbon values points to the gradual disappearance of the densest, carbon-rich stands, which have been replaced by more homogeneous vegetation of intermediate density. These findings highlight a structural degradation of the forest, despite an apparent improvement in mean biomass values; they underscore the importance of strengthening sustainable management, forest conservation, and remote sensing-based monitoring strategies to preserve the carbon sequestration potential of the Kalounayes Classified Forest in the face of climate change.