Protective Effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum Seed Extract on KCLO₄ Induced Thyroid Dysfunction and Inflammation in Albino Rats

Abstract

Goiter, a common manifestation of thyroid dysfunction, is often linked to iodine deficiency, environmental toxins, and autoimmune disorders. Potassium perchlorate (KClO₄) is a recognized goitrogen that inhibits iodine uptake, leading to hypothyroidism, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. This study evaluated the “Protective effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract on KCLO₄-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction and Inflammation” in female albino rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups: normal control, KClO₄-only, KClO₄ + FSE 200 mg/kg, KClO₄ + FSE 400 mg/kg, and KClO₄ + levothyroxine (standard). Treatments were administered orally for 14 days following goiter induction. Body weight, thyroid hormones (T₃, T₄, TSH), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) were measured. KClO₄ significantly decreased body weight and thyroid hormone levels while elevating TSH and inflammatory cytokines. FSE treatment improved body weight and restored T₃ and T₄ in a dose-dependent manner, with 400 mg/kg showing the most pronounced effects. TNF-α and IL-1β were substantially suppressed by FSE, whereas IL-6 reduction was moderate. Levothyroxine normalized hormonal and inflammatory profiles but caused lower weight gain. Phytochemical analysis revealed bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and saponins, potentially responsible for the observed effects. These findings indicate that FSE possesses thyroid-protective and anti-inflammatory properties and may serve as a safe adjunct or alternative to conventional therapy in managing hypothyroidism and goiter.