Propagation Techniques and Nursery Management of Cassia fistula: A Review

Abstract

Cassia fistula L. (Amaltaas) is a valued ornamental and medicinal tree species, but its large-scale propagation is often limited by physical seed dormancy caused by a hard, impermeable seed coat. This review summarises the available information on propagation techniques and nursery management practices that can support improved germination, seedling vigour and nursery survival. The major seed-based approaches include mechanical scarification, hot-water treatment, acid scarification and plant growth regulator application, particularly gibberellic acid. These treatments are discussed in relation to dormancy release, germination improvement and practical nursery use. The review also considers vegetative propagation through stem cuttings, grafting, air layering and tissue culture, which may be useful when true-to-type multiplication of selected superior plants is required. Nursery management practices, including suitable media, bed preparation, sowing depth, irrigation, weeding, sanitation and integrated pest and disease management, are also important for producing healthy planting material. The literature indicates that no single method is universally applicable, as treatment response may vary with seed source, maturity, storage condition, treatment duration and nursery environment. Standardised nursery protocols are therefore needed to connect dormancy-breaking treatments with seedling quality and field establishment. Therefore, propagation success in Cassia fistula depends on combining appropriate pre-sowing treatments with locally suitable nursery management practices.