Production Challenges of Maize in Pakistan: Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Management Approaches

Abstract

Maize production in Pakistan faces numerous challenges that hinder large-scale cultivation as well as production. These challenges are primarily biotic, includes weeds, nematodes, disease pathogens, and pests (both vertebrate and invertebrate). Furthermore, there are a number of abiotic obstacles, including soil-related problems, unfavorable weather, nutritional deficits, agronomic, logistical, and societal limitations. Given the growing global population, many of whom rely on maize as a staple food, and its industrial uses, this paper recommends several solutions. Key strategies include adopting proper pest control measures through cultural, chemical, and other methods. For example, pests can be managed by adjusting planting depth expanding the number of extension agents in the area, establishing plant quarantine laboratories, providing soil amendments, and enhancing soil and water management. Cooperatives should be established by farmers to make agricultural inputs more accessible. Furthermore, the government should consider purchasing surplus maize from farmers and offering price incentives to boost the national food reserve, so assisting in resolving the world food issue.