Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): A Comprehensive Review of Recent Developments in Diagnosis and Control Strategies

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of pigs. It is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) of the genus Betaarterivirus, belonging to the family Arteriviridae and order Nidovirales. The virus is transmitted through direct contact, such as the oronasal and genital routes, and also indirectly via contact with fomites contaminated with the infectious virus. The disease is characterized by respiratory symptoms in pigs of all age groups and reproductive failure in gestating gilts and sows. The reproductive disease is characterized by abortion, fetal mummification, stillbirth, and birth of weak piglets. Whereas the respiratory syndrome is characterized by fever, inappetence, lethargy, and dyspnea etc. The infection leads to significant economic losses in pig production in pig producing countries. Early diagnosis of the disease along with adopting proper biosecurity measures remains critical in the prevention and control of the disease. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of recent developments in the diagnosis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and  its control strategies. We will explore innovations in PRRSV detection methods, including advanced molecular testing techniques. We will also look at the latest approaches in disease prevention and control, including vaccination strategies, biosecurity programs, and farm management, with a focus on integrated solutions aimed at mitigating the devastating impact of PRRS on pig production.