Skip to content
Research Article Open access CC BY 4.0

Physicochemical Properties of Soda and Kraft Lignin Extracted from Gmelina arborea Wood

Aniekan E. Akpakpan, Edu J. Inam, Basil N. Ita, Ukana D. Akpabio

International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry · pp. 9–19 · Published 27 Jul 2023

10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4816

Abstract

Lignin, an amorphous biopolymer is one of the major components of wood. In this study, lignin was extracted from Gmelina arborea wood using Soda and Kraft pulping processes. The lignin was characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), UV/visible spectrometer, electrospray ionization mass spectrometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results revealed that G. arborea wood lignins contained several chemical functional groups. Kraft lignin (KL) contain carboxyl and thiol group in addition to other functional groups such as methoxyl, alcohols and phenolic. UV/ visible spectroscopy results revealed that Soda lignin (SL) absorbed at higher wavelength than Kraft lignin. The concentrations of both conjugated and non-conjugated phenolic group were higher in Kraft lignin than Soda lignin. ESI-MS spectra revealed that the composition of the monomers was higher in Kraft lignin while dimers composition was higher in Soda lignin. The surface morphology of both lignins were heterogeneous with uneven particle size. These physicochemical properties of lignin will enhance their  applications as adsorbents, corrosion inhibitors and in the production of some industrial chemical intermediates.

Gmelina arborea pulping Kraft lignin soda lignin physicochemical properties

References (28)

  1. 1 The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals [DOI]
  2. 2 Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery [DOI]
  3. 3 Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers [DOI]
  4. 4 Strategies for the Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective [DOI]
  5. 5 Progress in Green Polymer Composites from Lignin for Multifunctional Applications: A Review [DOI]
  6. 6 Extraction and characterization of lignin from different biomass resources [DOI]
  7. 7 Lignin-based carbon fibers for composite fiber applications [DOI]
  8. 8 Role of lignification in plant defense [DOI]
  9. 9 Functional analysis of lignins and their derivatives
  10. 10 Lignin Structural Modifications Resulting from Ethanol Organosolv Treatment of Loblolly Pine [DOI]
  11. 11 Evolution of xylem lignification and hydrogel transport regulation [DOI]
  12. 12 Elucidation of the Structures of Residual and Dissolved Pine Kraft Lignins Using an HMQC NMR Technique [DOI]
  13. 13 Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties and Thermal Stability of Organosolv and Kraft Lignins from Hardwood and Softwood Biomass for Their Potential Valorization [DOI]
  14. 14 Techniques for Characterizing Lignin [DOI]
  15. 15 Fractionation, analysis, and PCA modeling of properties of four technical lignins for prediction of their application potential in binders [DOI]
  16. 16 Chemical and thermal characterization of three industrial lignins and their corresponding lignin esters [DOI]
  17. 17 Determination of phenolic hydroxyl groups in residual lignin using a modified UV-method [DOI]
  18. 18 Proposed supramolecular structure of lignin in softwood tracheid compound middle lamella regions [DOI]
  19. 19 Extraction of lignin from sugar cane bagasse and its modification into a high performance dispersant for pesticide formulations [DOI]
  20. 20 Characterization of Non-wood Lignin Precipitated with Sulphuric Acid of Various Concentrations [DOI]
  21. 21 In vitro antimicrobial activity of crude leaf and stem bark extracts of Gmelina arborea (Roxb) against some pathogenic species of Enterobacteriaceae. [DOI]
  22. 22 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Lignins from Different Sources and Isolation Methods for an Application as a Biobased Chemical Resource and Polymeric Material [DOI]
  23. 23 In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of stem bark of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae).
  24. 24 Lignin Behavior During the Autocatalyzed Methanol Pulping of Eucalyptus globulus Changes in Molecular Weight and Functionality [DOI]
  25. 25 Ljungberg Textbook: Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology
  26. 26 SCREENING OF ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF BARK EXTRACTS OF GMELINA ARBOREA IN STREPTOZOTACIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
  27. 27 International Research Journal Of Pharmacy [DOI]
  28. 28 Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal [DOI]

Cited by 4

Sustainable and Functional Polymeric Coating for Wood Preservation

Ramona Marina Grigorescu, Rodica-Mariana Ion, Lorena Iancu · Coatings · 2025

Evaluación térmica de material lignocelulósico como precursor de sustancias húmicas

Ximena Zaragoza Melendez, Alfredo Guevara Lara, Silvia Nieto-Velázquez · Pädi Boletín Científico de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías del ICBI · 2025

Showing 3 of 4 known citations — external sources report more than can currently be individually listed.

Article metrics

Real usage data collected on this platform.

12

Page views

0

PDF downloads

0

Outbound clicks

4

Citations

Views over time

Views by country

Approximate, from request IP at view time — not citizenship or institution. Countries with fewer than 5 views are grouped as "Other".

Traffic sources

Referring site, by host.

Views and downloads exclude known bots/crawlers. Citations combines this platform's own DOI-resolved index with each external source's own reported total — see Cited by above for individually listed citing works. Last refreshed 0 seconds ago.