Physico-Chemical Assessment and Irrigation Indices of Mudbole Water Pond in Yadgir District, Karnataka, India

Abstract

Traditional water ponds are crucial for maintaining rural water security, biodiversity, and social and cultural activities in India's semi-arid areas. The present study evaluates the physico‑chemical characteristics of the Mudbole traditional water pond located in Yadgir district, Karnataka, India, during two consecutive years (2021-22 and 2022-23). Seasonal monitoring was carried out to assess and analyse major water quality parameters following standard methods recommended by APHA and BIS. The results indicate moderate variations in physico‑chemical parameters between the two study years, reflecting the influence of climatic conditions, evaporation, catchment runoff, and anthropogenic activities. The average pH (7.75) revealed slightly alkaline nature of the pond water, while EC (1055 µS/cm) and TDS (502.5 mg/L) indicated moderate mineralization. Dissolved oxygen values were relatively low (4.67 mg/L), suggesting organic load and reduced aeration, whereas, BOD values (2.13 mg/L) remained within permissible limits, indicating moderate organic pollution. Nutrient concentrations such as nitrate and phosphate were low, signifying limited eutrophication risk at present. Overall, the study highlights that Mudbole pond water quality largely conforms to permissible limits for irrigation and domestic uses with minimal treatment. However, increasing alkalinity, hardness, and declining DO levels warrant regular monitoring and conservation measures. Preservation of traditional ponds like Mudbole is vital for sustainable water management, groundwater recharge, and ecological balance in drought‑prone regions of Karnataka.