Pharmacological Actions and Adverse Effects of Anabolic–androgenic Steroids: A Review of Use in Sports and Social Abuse

Abstract

Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are artificial analogy of testosterone engineered to increase anabolic functions, such as muscle building and protein synthesis, and to enhance androgenic effects that cause masculine features. Although created with therapeutic intentions, their abuse in sports, bodybuilding, and body improvement has risen to become a principal concern worldwide due to the extensive health, psychological, and social impacts. The review demonstrates the pharmacological activities, treatment effectiveness and widespread side effects of the clinical and non-clinical use of AAS. Materials and Methods: Peer-reviewed journals, scientific reports, and reliable databases, such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, among others, were used to conduct a comprehensive review of literature. The data gathered was directed towards the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutics of AAS, adverse effects, and socio-legal concerns of AAS. Also, new trends that were introduced, such as designer steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), and new methods of detection, were considered. Findings: Sheath AAS have their physiological actions largely mediated by the induction of androgen receptors, with effects of activating muscle hypertrophy, retention of nitrogen, and erythropoiesis, as a result of the influence of gene transcription. They medically have serious effects against hypogonadism, cachexia, and anemia, but when they are abused, they cause multi-system toxicities, such as cardiovascular dysfunction, hepatic injury, reproductive suppression, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders. Body image and social influence are major factors in the increased misuse of AAS, particularly within athletes and non-athletes. Other developments in this area in the recent past have included analytical methods that have enhanced the detection aspects, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and hair analysis, and SARMs have shown a potential and appeared as possible alternatives to regulation. Conclusion: The two-sided properties of AAS, as therapeutic resources and as drugs of abuse, require the integration of inter-disciplinary approaches to preserve non-harmful effects to the bare minimum. It necessitates cooperation among healthcare workers, educators, policymakers, and sports professionals in terms of effective prevention, regulation, and rehabilitation. The prospects of the mentioned study should involve long-term safety research, sexual/age-specific effects, and the building of less risky anabolic options. There should be educational programs and policy change solutions to curb abuse and enforce medical use responsibility.