Technical and Commercial Losses in the West African Interconnected Electricity Network: Challenges and Prospects

Abstract

In the West African region, power system integration through the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP) is a strategic initiative aimed at enhancing energy security and facilitating cross-border electricity trade. Despite significant progress in regional interconnections, the efficiency and financial performance of electricity networks remain severely constrained by high levels of technical and commercial losses. Recent assessments indicate that average technical losses reach approximately 9.1%, while non-technical (commercial) losses account for nearly 21%, revealing persistent structural deficiencies in network operation and management. Technical losses are primarily driven by aging infrastructure, overloaded transmission and distribution lines, inadequate maintenance practices, and the limited deployment of advanced monitoring and control systems such as SCADA and smart grid technologies. Commercial losses, on the other hand, result from inaccurate metering and billing systems, illegal connections, electricity theft, and low revenue collection rates, often compounded by weak governance and insufficient regulatory enforcement. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive and coordinated approach, including network modernization through digitalization and smart metering, capacity building for utility operators, harmonization of regulatory frameworks across WAPP member states, and increased consumer awareness regarding responsible electricity consumption. Implementing such measures would significantly reduce system losses, improve the financial sustainability of power utilities, enhance supply reliability, and strengthen subregional energy cooperation in West Africa.