Photobiomodulation in Dentistry: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has emerged as a non-invasive therapeutic modality in dentistry with a wide range of clinical applications. Utilizing non-ionizing light sources such as lasers and LEDs in the red and near-infrared spectrum, PBM promotes tissue repair, reduces inflammation, alleviates pain, and enhances cellular metabolism through mitochondrial stimulation and modulation of biochemical mediators like ATP, NO, and ROS. This narrative review explores the historical background, mechanisms of action, and diverse applications of PBM in various dental specialties, including periodontics, oral surgery, orthodontics, endodontics, implantology, and the management of oral mucosal lesions and cancers. It also highlights recent advances in accelerated orthodontic tooth movement, regenerative endodontic procedures, and photodynamic therapy in head and neck cancers. With mounting evidence supporting its efficacy and safety, PBM is positioned as a valuable adjunct in modern dental practice. Proper understanding of its mechanisms, wavelength parameters, and dosage protocols is crucial for maximizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing risks.