Mixed Reality Systems for Real-time Construction Project Monitoring to Improve Schedule Performance

Abstract

Construction projects continue to face coordination inefficiencies, schedule pressure, and limited visibility of actual site conditions despite increasing investment in digital tools. This scoping review examines the use of mixed reality systems for inspection, real-time monitoring, coordination and schedule-oriented control of construction projects. A PRISMA-ScR-guided process and a PCC-framed review question were used to identify studies published between 2015 and 2025 through the ASCE Library, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science. These studies were then screened and charted in duplicate using a standardised template. Eighteen empirical studies were included, covering buildings, tunnelling, modular construction, bridges, mechanical, interior works, electrical, and plumbing and (MEP) installation. These studies found that XR workflows linked with BIM, SLAM/VSLAM, computer vision, mobile platforms, 4D scheduling, laser scanning, and robotic capture improved the resolution of issues, communication of designs, collaborative planning, visibility of progress, the efficiency of inspections, remote inspections, constructability reviews and the shared understanding of site conditions. Quantitatively, inspection efficiency improved by 78.63% in one study, coordination overhead fell by up to 75% in another, and one MR progress-monitoring system reported 97.3% recall, 96.5% precision, and 95.2% accuracy. However, deployment remains constrained by interoperability issues, user adoption, safety concerns, hardware limitations, and weak integration with formal project control systems. This review consolidates dispersed evidence and identifies priorities for workflow integration, field validation, and governance.