Management Practices to Mitigate Aflatoxin Contamination in Maize: A Review

Abstract

Problem Statement: Aflatoxin contamination in maize, predominantly caused by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, poses a severe threat to global food security, public health, and trade. Chronic exposure contributes to liver cancer, immune suppression, and child growth impairment, while acute intoxication can be fatal. Despite decades of research, effective large-scale control remains a persistent challenge in many maize-producing regions. Aim: This review examines the causes, health implications, and management strategies for aflatoxin contamination in maize, with emphasis on integrated approaches for safe and sustainable mitigation. Methodology: Literature was systematically analyzed to evaluate the epidemiology of aflatoxin contamination, pre- and post-harvest risk factors, and the effectiveness of biological, cultural, chemical, agronomic, and genetic control measures. Recent innovations, including molecular breeding, microbial biocontrol, and improved storage technologies, were also critically assessed. Results: Evidence indicates that aflatoxin contamination is influenced by environmental stress, poor agronomic practices, and inadequate post-harvest handling. Chronic exposure poses severe health risks, while contamination significantly undermines grain quality, farmer income, and trade competitiveness. Integrated management strategies—particularly the use of resistant maize varieties, atoxigenic Aspergillus strains, good agricultural practices, hermetic storage, and targeted chemical interventions—have demonstrated up to 70–90% reduction in aflatoxin levels. However, adoption remains limited due to socioeconomic barriers, variable field conditions, and lack of farmer awareness. Conclusion: Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a global food security and public health challenge that requires a holistic farm-to-market approach. Sustainable solutions depend on integrating scientific innovation with farmer education, stakeholder collaboration, and policy support. Widespread implementation of integrated management strategies can enhance food safety, protect human health, and improve the marketability of maize in both domestic and international markets.