Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance among Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Clinical Samples

Abstract

Aims: One major thing that promotes antimicrobial resistance among bacteria is their potential to produce enzymes and biofilms, which remain noteworthy elements in their pathogenicity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance Staphylococcus species isolated from different clinical samples. Study Design:  The study employed independent measures experimental study design. Place and Duration of Study: Staphylococcus species originating from clinical samples were obtained from the microbiology laboratory of two teaching hospitals in Ogbomosho, Oyo State, between April and October, 2023. Methodology: Twenty-six (26) pre-identified (by the hospital Laboratories) Staphylococcus spp. were obtained from the microbiology laboratories of two teaching hospitals in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. The isolates were subjected to microscopic, and biochemical tests to confirm their identities. The testing for antibacterial susceptibility was carried out using the Kirky-Bauer disk diffusion technique. A modified crystal violet biofilm assay was used to determined the ability of the isolates to produce biofilm. Molecular characterization was carried out to identify bacteria with very high resistance to the used antibiotics using 16S rRNA. The isolates were subjected to enzyme production assay like pectinase, protease, keratinase, cellulose and collagenase assay. Results: All the Staphylococcus species in this study showed varied degrees of prevalence. All the clinical bacterial isolates also showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Cefuroxime, Cloxicillin Meropenem, and Doxycycline, while the slightest resistance was observed for Gentamicin with 29.17%. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) for all the isolates  was between 0.3 to 1.0, which is higher than the safe limit of 0.2, with a high percent (95.8%) of the bacteria being MAR. The result shows that 77.8% of these isolates could produce one or more enzymes. Conclusion: The biofilm and enzyme production abilities of the clinical bacteria were major factors that led to expanded resistance, as observed in this study.