Modulating Gut Microbiota for Precision Medicine in Diabetes: A Paradigm Shift in Personalized Treatment Strategies

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a challenge to the public, with its prevalence increasing significantly, economically, hence causing healthcare burdens. Conventional treatment strategies have mostly failed to consider each person's variability, which has necessitated a personalized strategy to improve patient therapeutic outcomes.  Erupting research has described the human gut microbiota as a peculiar determinant of metabolic health, impacting insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory pathways. In this review, we could delve into the interrelation between gut microbiota and diabetes, focusing on microbiome-based strategies such as probiotics, prebiotics, dietary modifications, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and targeted microbiome pharmacological agents. Strides in metagenomics, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven microbiome analysis, and multi-omics integration have further improved precision medicine approaches in diabetes management. Although promising findings have been made, there are still challenges the inter-individual variability in microbiome composition, ethical concerns, and the cause for widespread involvement of human subjects in clinical trials. Leveraging microbiome-targeted therapies gives a novel avenue for improving glycemic control and alleviating diabetes progression, making the way for precision medicine in metabolic disorders.