Antibiotic Resistance: An Environmentally Regulated Threaten Crisis

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance globally creating a serious health crisis which threatens today’s living world. Recent research updates indicate that specific environmental factors are the key regulatory components for the spreading of clinically relevant or non-relevant resistant microorganisms. Additionally, the resistant bacteria are vigorously transmitted with respect to environmental factors posing a serious threat to the clinical healthcare system. Further, factors like sanitation and hygiene, drinking and surface water, food products, hospital and pharmaceutical waste, animal farming, domestic waste, heavy metals, and mobile population promote antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbes. In the current review, an attempt is made to explore the knowledge of various possible mechanisms of antibiotic resistant strategies like dissemination of genetic elements, spontaneous transmission, horizontal gene transfer, genetic reactor, genetic elements, and overuse of antibiotics in association with environmental factors. The study also looked at related aspects of anthropogenic evolution and suggests that the crisis may be managed by the intervention of global regulatory bodies/ national/ state governments, which are also discussed here.