Integrated Nutrient Management in Sustainable Agriculture: Advances and Challenges

Abstract

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is a critical strategy in sustainable agriculture to maximise the utilisation of organic and inorganic nutrient sources to sustain soil fertility, increase crop productivity, and minimise environmental degradation. As concerns about soil health, climate change, and food security have grown, INM provides a realistic solution to harmonise agricultural productivity with sustainability. This review discusses recent progress in INM practices, their contribution towards sustainable agriculture, and the challenges involved. Emphasis is laid on technological breakthroughs, policy structures, and field-level constraints in implementation, as well as suggestions for further research and development. INM is founded on a series of scientifically valid principles that seek to maximise crop yields while maintaining soil and environmental integrity. These include Balanced Use of Nutrients, Integration of Nutrient Sources, Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM), and Sustainability Focus. Moreover, it was noted that great strides have been taken in developing and using biofertilizers. Microbial inoculants like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, and phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) are being used increasingly for biological nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization. The development of smart fertilisers has added a new dimension to INM. Tools like Nutrient Expert, developed by the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), provide tailored fertiliser recommendations based on soil health, crop needs, and management practices. Mainstreaming INM practice will require reinforcing research and innovation, capitalising on capacity building, enhancing public-private partnerships, and incorporating climate-smart agriculture principles. Widespread adoption has the potential to bring about a more harmonious and environmentally friendly agricultural model for future and current generations.