Indications and Outcomes of Caesarean Section in a New Tertiary Centre in Southwest Nigeria: A One-Year Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background: Caesarean section (CS) remains one of the most commonly performed obstetric procedures globally. In recent times, there has been a steady increase in CS rates. Although CS can be life-saving for both mother and infant, it carries inherent risks. This study aimed to review the indications for caesarean section and determine the maternal and perinatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 39 CS cases conducted at a new tertiary healthcare facility in Southwest Nigeria between 15th June 2024 and 14th June 2025. Information retrieved from the Electronic Medical Records (EMR) comprised maternal age, parity, booking status, gestational age at delivery, indication and type of CS, as well as maternal and perinatal outcomes. The data were analysed using SPSS version 23. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages while means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables. Results: The mean maternal age was 31.2 ± 5.8 years. Most women were booked (61.5%), and underwent emergency CS (64%). The leading indication was previous caesarean scar (20.5%), followed by maternal request, severe preeclampsia/eclampsia, and fetal distress (each 15.4%). The most frequent postoperative maternal complication was surgical site infection (10.3%), followed by anaemia (5.1%). Prematurity was the predominant adverse perinatal outcome. Although adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes were more frequent among unbooked patients, the associations were not statistically significant (p = 0.233 and p = 0.065, respectively). There was no maternal or perinatal mortality. Conclusion:  Previous caesarean delivery remains the leading indication for repeat procedures in this setting. Postoperative infection and prematurity continue to pose significant risks to maternal and neonatal wellbeing. Strengthening decision-making around primary caesarean sections, enforcing strict infection-prevention measures, and expanding access to quality antenatal care are essential for improving obstetric outcomes and reducing avoidable morbidity.