Impact of Panama Disease of Banana Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4 on Banana Growers

Abstract

This study explores the socio-economic impact of Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR4) on small-scale banana growers in Davao del Norte using a quantitative research design. A total of 372 farmers from Tagum, Panabo, Asuncion, and Kapalong were surveyed through stratified random sampling. The results reveal that 55% of the farmers are aged 51 and above, and 84% are male. Most have secondary-level education (52%), with only 5% having completed college. Regarding land tenure, 50% own their land, while 47% are lessees. The majority (78%) operate farms between 1 to 5 hectares. Although banana production is export-driven, effective disease control remains lacking. Only 25% use both organic and inorganic inputs, and just 2% practice crop rotation. Awareness of Panama disease is widespread; however, only 33% of respondents have received formal training, exposing a major gap in extension services. The disease has impacted all surveyed farmers, with 57% experiencing at least a 50% drop in income and yield. As a result, 95% have reduced spending on basic needs, and 96% sought alternative income sources. Despite these challenges, 98% of farmers are willing to adopt disease-resistant varieties, and 91% already implement disease control strategies. However, only 43% have received government assistance. The study emphasizes the urgent need for improved training, financial support, and stronger government intervention to sustain banana farming in the region.