Neonatal Jaundice: A Retrospective Analysis of Diagnosis, Clinical Spectrum and Short-term Outcomes

Abstract

Background: Neonatal jaundice remains one of the most common clinical conditions encountered in the early postnatal period, reflecting a wide spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. Aims: This study aims to describe the clinical spectrum, diagnostic characteristics, and short-term outcomes of neonates presenting with jaundice in a hospital-based setting. Method: This study employed a retrospective observational design to characterise the clinical spectrum, diagnostic features, and short-term outcomes of neonatal jaundice among newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of a tertiary care hospital. Medical records of neonates aged 0–28 days managed for jaundice over the study period were reviewed. Neonates with visible jaundice were evaluated through detailed clinical assessment and relevant laboratory investigations, including serum bilirubin measurements and ancillary tests where indicated. Results: The clinical spectrum ranged from physiological jaundice to pathological forms associated with prematurity, hemolytic disease, sepsis, and metabolic or hepatic disorders. Most cases are presented within the first week of life, with higher bilirubin levels observed among preterm infants and those with identifiable risk factors. Diagnostic evaluation allowed differentiation between unconjugated and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, guiding appropriate management strategies. The majority of neonates responded favourably to conservative measures such as phototherapy, while a small proportion required intensified interventions, including exchange transfusion. Short-term outcomes were generally favourable, with resolution of jaundice and discharge in stable condition for most infants. However, delayed presentation and severe hyperbilirubinemia were associated with prolonged hospitalisation and increased risk of acute complications. Conclusion: These findings highlight the heterogeneous nature of neonatal jaundice and underscore the importance of early recognition, risk stratification, and timely diagnostic evaluation. Strengthening neonatal surveillance and caregiver education may further improve outcomes and reduce the burden of preventable complications related to severe hyperbilirubinemia.