Genotoxicity of Carbon Black Nanoparticles in Humans: A Review

Abstract

Due to their special physicochemical properties carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) receive comprehensive industrial attention. The increasing application of nanoparticles creates critical safety problems regarding genetic material damage and human health complications from human contact. CBNPs induce DNA damage through oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and direct DNA binding, leading to genomic instability, elevated mutation rates, and chromosomal damage. The results show that contact with CBNPs creates systemic body stress that raises vulnerability to cancer formation and multiple severe medical conditions. Proper regulatory safety measures and risk assessment protocols need to be applied through both technological improvements and safer material development to guarantee safety standards. Future investigations regarding CBNP exposure effects must study their enduring consequences along with setting maximum work safety boundaries because the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified these compounds as potential cancer-causing substances. Understanding all dimensions of CBNPs provides essential bases for developing protective safeguards that maintain public health protection standards due to their industrial incorporation.