Perceptions, Utilization and Satisfaction with Antenatal Care Services among Pregnant Women in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Antenatal care (ANC) is critical for maternal and newborn health, yet global utilization remains suboptimal. In Nigeria, maternal mortality is among the highest worldwide, with one in every 22 women dying during pregnancy or childbirth. Aims: To assessed perceptions, utilization, and satisfaction with ANC services among pregnant women attending primary healthcare facilities in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 142 pregnant women selected via two-stage sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered through Kobo Toolbox and analyzed with SPSS version 27. Results: Most participants were aged 23–27 years (61.3%) and married (62.7%). ANC utilization was high, with (99.3%) attending at least once and (90.8%) completing eight or more visits. While (66.9%) held positive perceptions of ANC quality, (49.3%) expressed neutrality regarding the benefits of ANC. Overall satisfaction with ANC services was (61.3%), with (93.7%) satisfied with facility cleanliness. Long waiting times (41.5%) were the most frequently cited source of dissatisfaction. Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to address operational barriers, particularly waiting times, and to enhance patient-provider communication to further improve maternal health outcomes. Strengthening these aspects of ANC services is essential for achieving better satisfaction and health outcomes for pregnant women in Calabar Metropolis.