Future Prospective of Resistance Breeding in Rice: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: Disease resistance in plants can generally be classified into two fundamental types: either the host prevents the establishment of a successful parasitic relationship through hypersensitive responses at the infection site, or it restricts subsequent colonization and reproduction of the pathogen after successful infection Aims: The objective of this paper is to discuss plant breeding methods as an evolving technology for resistant varieties of rice for better production. Place and Duration of Study: The review paper includes rice growing areas where resistance breeding was conducted. The breeding methods used for resistance from the earlier to now-a-days. Methodology: Some breeding methods are discussed here like conventional breeding, ideotype breeding, wide breeding, population breeding, heterosis breeding, speed breeding and most recently molecular breeding. Enhanced productivity in any crop is achieved through a combination of improved understanding of underlying biological mechanisms and the deliberate management of processes involved in developing and selecting superior, pest- and disease-resistant varieties. Host plant resistance in certain crop cultivars arises from long-term co-evolutionary interactions with pests and pathogens. Various breeding techniques have been employed to improve resistant rice varieties. Plant breeding plays a crucial role in selecting superior genotypes based on yield and quality of edible parts, ease of cultivation, harvesting, and processing, as well as tolerance to environmental stresses and resistance to pests and diseases. Results: Recent advances in controlling the disease and protecting from insect attack to improve rice production systems are achieved through conventional and molecular breeding. Traditional breeding methods were based on the complementarily between parental characteristics promoting recombination for shuffling favourable alleles. Molecular breeding is easier, faster, highly efficient and precise. Genotyping technology sharply reduced the cost of genotyping, creating the possibility of scoring thousands of markers in populations of plants under selection. Conclusion: Resistance rice varieties have been developing through the better modern process of combining traditional breeding with molecular breeding technology. This review focuses on the constraints of rice production, breeding methods, innovation in resistance rice breeding and future prospects of rice breeding.