Formulation of Films Containing Pyroligneous Extract Against Oral Candida Albicans Strains: An In vitro Study

Abstract

Candida spp. are naturally occurring microorganisms in the oral microbiota, yet they can become pathogenic under favorable conditions, with Candida albicans being the most frequently implicated species. Due to the growing challenge of antifungal resistance, novel therapeutic strategies are needed. This study aimed to develop chitosan-based mucoadhesive oral films incorporating pyroligneous extract (PE), alone or enriched with copper (Cu) or silicon (Si), and to evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and antifungal potential. The films were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique with high molecular weight chitosan and six different formulations: pure PE (PLD), PE with 1% or 3% chitosan (PLDQ1%, PLDQ3%), and PE with 3% chitosan enriched with Cu or Si (PLQ3%Cu, PLQ3%Si). The films exhibited homogeneity in thickness (0.05–1.0 mm), smooth surfaces, and notable swelling without degradation. PE addition increased the thickness, and rheological analysis revealed pseudoplastic behavior with high viscosity. Films such as PLDQ3%[2.5], PLQ3%Cu[0.5], and PLQ3%Si[1.5; 2.5] significantly inhibited Candida albicans growth (p < 0.05). These results suggest the potential of PE-enriched chitosan films as promising candidates for the topical management of oral candidiasis.