Formulation and Evaluation of Liquid Hand Wash: Physicochemical and Antibacterial Studies

Abstract

The study focused on the preparation and performance evaluation of liquid hand wash formulations (F-I and F-II) to develop effective, safe, and environmentally friendly hand hygiene solutions. The study was conducted in Dharwad, Karnataka, India during 2015–16.  The study involved the laboratory development of liquid hand wash, followed by quality characteristics assessment and antimicrobial analysis. The formulations were prepared using Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (83%) as the primary surfactant for effective foaming and cleaning, along with Ethylene Glycol Mono Sulphate (17%) as a secondary surfactant to enhance cleaning efficiency and skin-conditioning benefits. Perfume and color were added in sufficient quantities to improve sensory attributes. Quality analysis revealed that both formulations exhibited favorable physical and chemical properties, including a neutral pH (7.0–7.2), good solubility in water and organic solvents, consistent surface tension (0.10 dynes/cm), and stable foam height (0.25 cm), indicating effective cleansing and foaming capabilities. The stability tests showed that the formulations remained stable over three months, with no adverse effects observed under hard water conditions. Both formulations demonstrated good cleaning action and nil alcohol-insoluble matter, confirming the absence of harmful residues. Antimicrobial analysis highlighted the strong antibacterial properties of both formulations against common pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were 1.56 µl for Staphylococcus aureus and 6.25 µl for Escherichia coli, demonstrating effective microbial reduction. The study concluded that the developed liquid hand washes possess excellent quality characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy, making them suitable for daily hygiene use. These findings contribute to the advancement of safe, efficient, and sustainable hand hygiene products, addressing both health and environmental concerns.