A Five-Year Analysis of Male Breast Cancer: Insights and Trends from a Low- and Middle-Income Country (Nigeria)

Abstract

Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers. Despite its rarity, evidence suggests an increasing incidence globally and in Nigeria. This study reviewed the clinicopathologic characteristics, risk factors, and treatment outcomes of MBC cases managed at the Oncological Surgery Division of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on all histologically confirmed MBC cases treated between January 2019 and December 2024. Data were extracted from oncology registers and case files, including sociodemographic, clinical, histopathological, and treatment details. Findings were summarised using descriptive statistics and presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Twelve patients were identified, representing 2.0% of all breast cancer cases in that period. Ages ranged from 44 to 81 years (mean = 64.5). The left breast was more commonly affected (66.7%), and 75% presented with a painless lump. Most patients (58.3%) had symptoms for 1–3 years, with the majority diagnosed at stage III (58.3%). Invasive ductal carcinoma was the predominant histological subtype (75%), while Luminal A was the most common molecular profile (41.7%). Treatment modalities included mastectomy (41.7%), chemotherapy, and limited radiotherapy. All patients were alive at the last follow-up. Conclusion: Male breast cancer (MBC) is uncommon but significant in Nigeria. Many cases are diagnosed at a late stage, with invasive ductal carcinoma being the most prevalent type. These findings highlight the importance of raising awareness, improving early diagnosis, and enhancing access to immunohistochemistry and other therapies to better support affected men.